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MCAS / Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

MCAS explained: symptoms, diagnostic criteria and the connection to POTS, Long COVID and ME/CFS.

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13. MCAS — Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

Mast cells are immune cells that normally protect against pathogens and parasites by releasing messenger substances such as histamine, tryptase, prostaglandins and leukotrienes when needed. In mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), these cells react repeatedly and excessively without an identifiable external trigger – with a range of symptoms that can affect virtually any organ system. MCAS is thus clearly distinct from the much rarer mastocytosis, in which mast cells additionally proliferate abnormally in tissue – MCAS does not require this.

Symptoms

Typical are recurring complaints from at least two organ systems, often episodic and unpredictable: skin (flushing, hives, itching, angioedema), gastrointestinal (nausea, cramping, diarrhoea, reflux), cardiovascular (racing heart, drop in blood pressure, presyncope), respiratory (nasal congestion, shortness of breath, tightness) and neurological/cognitive (headache, brain fog, exhaustion). Because the same complaints also occur with POTS, ME/CFS and Long COVID, MCAS is often hard to distinguish from these in everyday life – those affected sometimes describe it as though virtually any known symptom "could also be MCAS".

Diagnostic criteria

The classic consensus criteria, first formulated in 2012 (often called "Consensus-1"), require three things together: (1) recurring, typical symptoms from at least two organ systems, (2) a response to mast-cell-targeted therapy (e.g. antihistamines), and (3) a laboratory-documented rise in a mast cell mediator – usually serum tryptase – during or shortly after an episode compared with the individual's baseline, typically using the formula baseline × 1.2 + 2 ng/mL. Because this tryptase rise is often difficult to demonstrate in practice (it must be measured within a few hours of a flare, which rarely succeeds), professional bodies proposed so-called "Consensus-2" criteria in 2024/2025 that take a broader, more clinically oriented approach and account more for the limitations of available lab tests. The criteria are themselves still a subject of professional debate – a confirmed MCAS diagnosis belongs in experienced specialist hands (allergology/immunology).

Diagnostics & testing

Besides serum tryptase (ideally a baseline value taken symptom-free AND a value shortly after a flare), further mediators are sometimes used, such as prostaglandin D2, 9α,11β-PGF2 or leukotriene E4 in a 24-hour urine collection, measured if possible during an acute flare. These additional tests are less standardised and not readily available in many practices. Important for everyday life: a normal result does not reliably rule out MCAS, but a single raised value alone does not prove it either – the overall picture of symptom course, response to therapy and lab findings is what counts.

Connection with POTS, Long COVID and ME/CFS

MCAS, POTS and hypermobility (EDS/HSD) – as described in the POTS chapter – noticeably often occur together; an analysis of 100 young people with POTS found, depending on the criteria, 2–87% with MCAS (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025) – the huge range again shows how strongly such figures depend on the case definition used. In Long COVID, a study at a large US centre reported that 16.2% of those affected reported a diagnosed or suspected mast cell issue and a further 36.3% were unsure, compared with only 2.4% and 5% respectively in the control group (Overlapping conditions in Long COVID, PMC, 2024). In ME/CFS and fibromyalgia too, MCAS is described by experienced clinicians as a "very, very frequent" accompanying condition, especially after viral infections (Health Rising, 2023). One mechanism discussed: mast cell messengers can irritate peripheral nerve fibres, make the blood-brain barrier more permeable and contribute to central pain sensitisation – a plausible but not yet conclusively proven explanation for the frequent co-existence of these diagnoses.

Basic measures (non-drug)

A key first step is identifying individual triggers – commonly named ones include heat/cold, strong smells, certain foods, alcohol, stress and physical exertion (which already plays a role in PEM anyway). A symptom diary helps make these patterns visible – exactly the approach mypacing supports through symptom and crash tracking. A low-histamine diet is described as helpful by some people affected, but is scientifically disputed, varies a lot in effectiveness between individuals, and should not be implemented long-term and very restrictively without professional guidance (risk of an unnecessarily restricted diet).

Medications – note

Medication typically proceeds stepwise, mainly with H1 and H2 antihistamines (often combined and sometimes dosed higher than for hay fever), mast cell stabilisers (e.g. cromoglicic acid, ketotifen) and leukotriene inhibitors (e.g. montelukast); quercetin and other flavonoids are frequently mentioned as supplements. Important: most of these substances are not officially approved for MCAS and are used off-label; the evidence rests mostly on clinical experience and smaller studies. Which combination helps varies a great deal from person to person – clinicians often describe the approach as "the successful treatment is itself the diagnosis": gradual, medically guided trial and error, keeping only what demonstrably helps. This text does not replace medical advice and deliberately gives no dosing recommendations.

Placing the uncertainties: the frequencies named vary considerably by study, cohort and case definition used (2–87% in POTS cohorts is an extreme example of this) and cannot be transferred to everyone affected. The diagnostic criteria themselves are still professionally in flux. Diagnosis and therapy always belong in experienced medical/specialist hands.

POTS / Dysautonomia / Orthostatic Intolerance Document symptoms & triggers over time Full source list in the knowledge base